Research

Spotlight: Hunter Geist-Sanchez is pioneering restoration methods for Colorado grasslands and reconnecting with his ranching roots

Gabe Allen — Mon, 21 Jul 2025 20:58:52 +0000

Spotlight: Hunter Geist-Sanchez is pioneering restoration methods for Colorado grasslands and reconnecting with his ranching roots Gabe Allen Mon, 07/21/2025 - 14:58

Gabe Allen

Hunter Geist-Sanchez's summer field crew hikes to a field site near the National Renewable Energy Lab's Flatirons Campus. Left to right: Ava Boettiger, Zade Baldwin, Hunter Geist-Sanchez, Rose Young. (Gabe Allen)

All summer long, INSTAAR masters student Hunter-Geist Sanchez wakes up at dawn to meet a rotating cast of labmates and undergraduate research assistants at a grassy mesa bordering the National Renewable Energy Lab’s Flatirons Campus. The team spends long hours setting up experimental plots, measuring soil moisture and erosion, simulating grazing cattle with a weed whacker and, most of all, mapping plant species.

All the work is in service of the Suding Lab’s grassland diversity and grassland resilience projects. The overarching goal is to cultivate knowledge and management strategies that will help conserve Western grasslands as the climate becomes hotter and drier. This summer, funding from INSTAAR's Summer Scholars Program allowed Geist-Sanchez to expand his undergraduate research team to three members.

Hunter Geist-Sanchez shows undergraduate field technicians a map of a field site near the National Renewable Energy Lab's Flatirons Campus. (Gabe Allen)

Geist-Sanchez is relatively new to this work, but his passion for it is apparent.

"No one cares about grass, but I think grass is pretty great,” he explained during a recent day of field work. “It’s hard to really appreciate the beauty until you spend a lot of time in a certain place. Then you get it.”

Perhaps a piece of Geist-Sanchez’s love for grasslands is hereditary. His family has deep roots in the San Luis Valley, where his grandparents grew up working on local farms and ranches. His great uncle and cousins still own and operate a ranch in the area.

Though Geist-Sanchez has lived his whole life in front range cities, his extended family keeps him connected to Southern Colorado rangelands. Recently, his masters project has been a frequent topic of conversation with still-ranching family members.

“Hopefully this research helps them with restoration on the property,” Geist-Sanchez said. “My great uncle asks me about it all the time.”

For many, 10 or 12-hour stints of data collection in the blazing sun would seem a hefty price to pay for good science. But, Geist-Sanchez seems unfazed by long days in the field. For him, they are a chance to put distractions aside and revel in the details of an ecosystem. It’s a habit that he formed long before he entered academia.

A love of nature

Geist-Sanchez grew up splitting time between parents in Aurora and Fort Collins, with more family spread around Front Range cities. Growing up, his siblings and cousins were mostly captivated by sports and video games — things that Geist-Sanchez also had a passing interest in. But, his true passion was always nature.

“In all my free time, I would go to the library and read Nat Geo books and stuff like that,” he said. “I was really fascinated with wildlife growing up, and no one else was really like that. I knew from pretty early on that I was different.”

Geist Sanchez’s early education in the natural sciences didn’t all come from books. As a kid, he looked forward to family camping trips to Great Sand Dunes National Park, along the Poudre River and to other natural areas across the West. Most of all, he looked forward to spending time with his grandmother on a plot of family land in the San Luis Valley.

“My mom would drop me and my cousins off down there for weeks at a time,” he said. “Those are really fond memories.”

The property was stunning and rugged. To take a bath, Geist-Sanchez remembers filling up buckets from the well and boiling the water on the stove. Days were spent going on hikes and helping his grandmother tend the garden.

For Geist-Sanchez, it was idyllic.

“I just always loved being outdoors,” he said.

After high school, Geist-Sanchez went on to earn a degree in ecosystem science and sustainability from Colorado State University. As an undergrad, he took an unusually active role in several restoration ecology projects. Specifically, he worked with research groups testing new methods for restoring out-of-use agricultural fields and cheatgrass-invaded grasslands.

“After that, I knew I wanted to do more restoration. It’s really difficult work and I was fascinated by how we might be able to improve outcomes,” he said.

After college, one of Geist-Sanchez’s mentors connected him with Katharine Suding, who was looking for a grassland research assistant. After a year in that role, Suding asked Geist-Sanchez to join the lab as a graduate student and take the lead on the lab’s grassland resilience project. Geist-Sanchez jumped at the opportunity — it was a perfect way to sink deeper into his passion for restoring Colorado’s natural systems.

Restoring bare patches

Hunter Geist-Sanchez plants surveyor flags at the Hogan Ranch Property in ɫ��ֱ��. (Gabe Allen)

Restoration ecologists are looking for new methods to combat desertification as the West becomes hotter and drier. In his masters work, Geist-Sanchez has zeroed in on bare-patches, arid spots lacking vegetation that tend to grow over time.

The first step is to figure out how bare patches form and what leads to expansion. To investigate this question, Geist Sanchez is looking at thermal imagery of the landscape, measuring soil characteristics and cataloging the species that grow in and around the sites.

“One of the questions I’m interested in is, ‘What are the mechanisms behind this bare ground spread,” Geist-Sanchez said.

Next comes the question of restoration: how can land managers bring plants back to these sites so that they can once again become a functional part of the ecosystem? To address this, Geist-Sanchez is planting a mix of forb and grass seeds at the sites.

Importantly, he has balanced the seed mixes to represent plants with specific survival strategies. Plants that arise early in the season may be able to take advantage of spring moisture, and then offer shade later in the summer. Plants with large seeds might be able to survive periods of drought or heat by relying on energy stores.

These hypotheses are based on previous research, but only time will tell their efficacy.

“I guess we’ll have a better idea by the end of the season,” Geist-Sanchez said.

For now, bare patches are generally a small-scale problem in ɫ��ֱ�� grasslands. But, if desertification becomes more extreme in the future, research like Geist-Sanchez’s will become even more important for both natural areas and rangelands.

“We don’t have extreme desertification here yet, which is great,” Geist Sanchez said. “If we ever start to see something like the dust bowl, which stemmed from extreme agriculture and land-use changes, I hope land managers will be able to apply this research. I want to be able to hand this off and expand on it.”

If you have questions about this story, or would like to reach out to INSTAAR for further comment, you can contact Senior Communications Specialist Gabe Allen at gabriel.allen@colorado.edu.

Geist-Sanchez is following his life-long love of nature to develop new methods for preserving Colorado natural areas and rangelands. As a sixth-generation Coloradoan, he hopes his research can help keep grasslands sustainable as the West heats up.

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What long-term science in ɫ��ֱ��’s alpine is teaching the world about mountain ecosystems (ɫ��ֱ�� Reporting Lab)

Gabe Allen — Wed, 16 Jul 2025 15:50:32 +0000

What long-term science in ɫ��ֱ��’s alpine is teaching the world about mountain ecosystems (ɫ��ֱ�� Reporting Lab) Gabe Allen Wed, 07/16/2025 - 09:50

In a ɫ��ֱ�� Reporting Lab op-ed, Nancy Emery argues for the importance of the Niwot Ridge Long-Term Ecological Research Program. With over 45 years of uninterrupted data, scientists at Niwot Ridge provide unmatched data and insights into changing alpine ecosystems.

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Why flood prediction in the US falls short and how researchers are working to fix it (ɫ��ֱ�� Today)

Gabe Allen — Mon, 14 Jul 2025 20:11:19 +0000

Why flood prediction in the US falls short and how researchers are working to fix it (ɫ��ֱ�� Today) Gabe Allen Mon, 07/14/2025 - 14:11

New INSTAAR faculty Zhi Li chats with ɫ��ֱ�� Today about flood modeling research. He explains why current flood warnings can leave communities unprepared — and how high-resolution forecasting and better risk communication could save lives.

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Meltpools in the Himalaya (Nepali Times)

Gabe Allen — Mon, 14 Jul 2025 16:50:46 +0000

Meltpools in the Himalaya (Nepali Times) Gabe Allen Mon, 07/14/2025 - 10:50

In an op-ed in the Nepali Times, Alton Byers outlines his work with a remote Himalayan community to identify a potentially dangerous glacial lake. Byers recommends management actions both locally and regionally.

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The power of pack mules: harnessing partnerships with land stewards for remote ecosystem research (ASLO)

Gabe Allen — Mon, 07 Jul 2025 21:52:09 +0000

The power of pack mules: harnessing partnerships with land stewards for remote ecosystem research (ASLO) Gabe Allen Mon, 07/07/2025 - 15:52

Bella Olesky and others in INSTAAR's mountain limnology lab are saddling up pack mules to investigate the causes of algal blooms in remote alpine lakes. Their results will help land managers understand and support these fragile and complex ecosystems.

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Western mountain snow melts fast and early (NASA)

Gabe Allen — Mon, 30 Jun 2025 20:57:49 +0000

Western mountain snow melts fast and early (NASA) Gabe Allen Mon, 06/30/2025 - 14:57

A report from INSTAAR's mountain hydrology group in collaboration with federal agencies reveals rapid spring snowmelt across the Mountain West in 2025. The analyses forecast potential drought conditions in the coming months, especially in the Pacific Northwest.

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Beneath crumbling walls: how rock glaciers took over the southern rockies

Gabe Allen — Wed, 18 Jun 2025 22:24:17 +0000

Beneath crumbling walls: how rock glaciers took over the southern rockies Gabe Allen Wed, 06/18/2025 - 16:24

Gabe Allen

20,000 years ago, during the last glacial maximum, hulking formations of flowing ice stretched across the Southern Rocky Mountains in present-day Colorado. Most of those glaciers melted away by around 13,000 years ago, but that doesn’t mean Colorado’s glaciers are gone. They’ve just gone underground. Today, the state is home to thousands of rock glaciers — icy formations protected by layers of debris.

“Anybody who climbs the fourteeners of Colorado, whether they know it or not, is climbing across a rock glacier here or there,” INSTAAR fellow and distinguished professor of geologic sciences Robert Anderson explained.

Last month, Robert Anderson and Suzanne Anderson, also an INSTAAR fellow and professor of geology, published a new study documenting how rock glaciers form. According to their analysis, the main ingredients are snow and a protective layer of rocky debris, usually provided by a tall, erosion-prone cliff overhead. Importantly, there can’t be too much ice and snow.

“The speed at which the ice moves away from the base of the cliff is governed by how thick the ice is. The thicker it is, the faster it goes,” Robert Anderson explained. “It can’t be too thick. So, avalanche run-outs are sort of the magic zone for the top of a rock glacier.”

A gap in geologic history

The Andersons’ new model of rock glacier formation led to a second insight — one about the past. According to the study, the rock glaciers we see in the Colorado Rockies today likely formed hundreds, or even thousands, of years after the big glaciers disappeared. That’s because rock glaciers actually require more temperate conditions to establish themselves.

“We argue that you lose almost all of the ice out of the alpine valleys. Then, only later, it comes back in a rock glacier mode,” Robert Anderson said.

The model is also backed by physical evidence collected by the Andersons, their students and a number of other researchers over the past three decades. To determine the age of rock glaciers, these researchers tested samples from boulders on the surface of the glaciers for a rare isotope of the element beryllium. The results indicate how long the boulder has been there, and thus how long ago the glacier formed. According to these analyses, Colorado’s rock glaciers arose around 10,000 to 12,000 years ago, which places them at least a thousand years after deglaciation.

Robert Anderson says that understanding how rock glaciers formed gives us a more clear understanding of their role in the landscape today. It might help us conserve them too.

“It’s an important part of climate history,” he said.

Rock glaciers and water

Suzanne Anderson gathers samples from a mountain creek near the Imogene Rock Glacier in the San Juan mountain range to contrast with water coming directly from the rock glacier.

Today, rock glaciers are ubiquitous in Colorado’s alpine landscapes, but the role they play in mountain ecosystems is still poorly understood. According to Suzanne Anderson, the key to further understanding may lie in the unique water rock glaciers provide.

“It’s different from other water sources in the landscape for two reasons,” Suzanne Anderson explained. “It’s cold, even late in the summer, because it's coming directly from ice melt, and its chemistry is different — it’s a little more nutrient-rich.”

Some research has already suggested that certain cold-adapted insects may rely on this meltwater for survival. The Andersons and their students have also found elevated levels of nitrogen, an important nutrient for both plants and animals, in rock glacier meltwater.

One of Suzanne Anderson’s students, M.S. student Maya McDonough, is furthering these investigations. This summer, McDonough will sample meltwater from a rock glacier near Imogene Pass, between Telluride and Ouray, Colorado and analyze its chemistry.

“We’re testing the water chemistry to see what ions are in rock glacier discharge, because those nutrients might be really important to certain high-altitude habitats,” McDonough said. “I’ll test as many samples as I possibly can.”

Rock glaciers everywhere — at least in the Colorado Rockies. New research from Robert and Suzanne Anderson investigates how they formed, and what benefits they might provide for alpine ecosystems.

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The headwall of Mount Sopris looms above a large rock glacier in the basin below. Photo by Robert Anderson.

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The headwall of Mount Sopris looms above a large rock glacier in the basin below. Photo by Robert Anderson.

Rainy spring may be bad news for fire season. Here’s what you can do about it (ɫ��ֱ�� Today)

Gabe Allen — Tue, 17 Jun 2025 19:13:19 +0000

Rainy spring may be bad news for fire season. Here’s what you can do about it (ɫ��ֱ�� Today) Gabe Allen Tue, 06/17/2025 - 13:13

Grassland fires are becoming more frequent and more dangerous across the country. Ecologist Katharine Suding has spent her career understanding the ecosystems that produce them. She shares insights in a Q&A.

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Supernovae may have kicked off abrupt climate shifts in the past, and they could again

Gabe Allen — Tue, 10 Jun 2025 20:15:29 +0000

Supernovae may have kicked off abrupt climate shifts in the past, and they could again Gabe Allen Tue, 06/10/2025 - 14:15

Gabe Allen

Robert Brakenridge

When a star explodes, it sends high-energy particles out in all directions. This burst of energy can travel through space for thousands of light-years, traversing solar systems and even galaxies.

In a recent paper, published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, INSTAAR senior research associate Robert Brakenridge argues that supernovae may be the key to understanding a series of abrupt climate shifts in recent geologic history. The analysis models how such radiation could collide with Earth’s atmosphere, changing its composition. Brakenridge also matches a number of known supernovae to climate shifts preserved in geologic records.

“We have abrupt environmental changes in Earth’s history. That’s solid, we see these changes,” Brakenridge said. “So, what caused them?”

Brakenridge says that, if nearby supernovae caused such changes, further research could help scientists predict similar events in the future and prepare accordingly.

“When nearby supernovae occur in the future, the radiation could have a pretty dramatic effect on human society,” he said. “We have to find out if indeed they caused environmental changes in the past.”

Brakenridge’s recent paper is actually one of many he and others have published on the topic since the 1980s. But, in the past, the idea has rested mainly in the realm of theoretical physics. Brakenridge’s new publication is an effort to link the theory to empirical observations, both in space and here on Earth.

Telescopes and tree rings

In recent years, high-powered, orbital telescopes have offered unprecedented information about the contents and character of supernova radiation. Using these observations, Brakenridge created a more precise model of how this radiation might interact with Earth’s atmosphere than previously possible.

According to the model, a sudden influx of high energy photons from a supernova would thin the ozone layer, which shields the Earth from the Sun’s rays. Simultaneously, the radiation would degrade methane in the stratosphere, a major contributor to the greenhouse effect that keeps the Earth warm. Put together, these interactions would dampen greenhouse warming and increase the amount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches Earth from the sun. Brakenridge predicts that knock-on effects could include selective animal extinctions, increased wildfires and global cooling.

Since supernova radiation isn’t arriving on Earth today, the model can’t yet be tested in situ. Instead, Brakenridge looked to records of the past for further evidence. Specifically, he looked at tree rings. Because trees incorporate atmospheric carbon into their trunks as they grow, scientists can look to these records for a glimpse into ancient atmospheric conditions.

In the new paper, Brakenridge parses tree ring records spanning 15,000 years and identifies 11 spikes in radioactive carbon. He argues that these spikes may have been caused by 11 corresponding supernovae.

“The events that we know of, here on earth, are at the right time and the right intensity,” Brakenridge said.

Predicting supernovae

For now, supernovae are just one possible explanation for these phenomena — solar flares are the most prominent alternative. But, Brakenridge says the evidence is mounting behind his argument. He hopes that further efforts can refine models of environmental effects and correlate them with geologic records — from ice cores to marine sediment to tree rings.

A better understanding of supernova radiation could do more than just satiate curiosity, it could help humans prepare for abrupt climate shifts that could arrive any day. For example, astronomers predict that Betelgeuse, a nearby red supergiant star perched on the shoulder of the Orion constellation, will meet its end in a supernova explosion sometime soon — it could be tomorrow, or any time in the next 100,000 years.

“As we learn more about our nearby neighboring stars, the capability for prediction is actually there,” Brakenridge said. “It will take more modeling and observation from astrophysicists to fully understand Earth’s exposure to such events.”

If you have questions about this story, or would like to reach out to INSTAAR for further comment, you can contact Senior Communications Specialist Gabe Allen at gabriel.allen@colorado.edu.

Robert Brakenridge has spent decades trying to understand how distant exploding stars may have affected Earth’s atmosphere in the past. A new analysis indicates the need for continued research in the field.

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The Vela supernova remnant, the remains of a supernova explosion 800 light-years from Earth in the southern constellation Vela, as seen from the Dark Energy Camera on the Víctor M. Blanco Telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory. In his latest paper, Robert Brakenridge identifies a radioactive carbon anomaly in tree ring records that may have been caused by radiation from the vela supernova entering Earth's atmosphere nearly 13,000 years ago.

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The Vela supernova remnant, the remains of a supernova explosion 800 light-years from Earth in the southern constellation Vela, as seen from the Dark Energy Camera on the Víctor M. Blanco Telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory.

Researchers model a dangerous glacial lake in the Himalayas and propose solutions

Gabe Allen — Tue, 27 May 2025 20:42:35 +0000

Researchers model a dangerous glacial lake in the Himalayas and propose solutions Gabe Allen Tue, 05/27/2025 - 14:42

Gabe Allen

INSTAAR senior research associate Alton Byers has organized frequent research expeditions to the Himalayas for more than 50 years. Last summer, he returned to the remote Kanchenjunga region in Nepal, an area he has visited three times since 2019. His team was there to gather more data for an ongoing study of glacial, ecological and socioeconomic changes in the region. But, his attention was soon diverted when a friend, a young man from the local Tibetan community, brought an emerging issue to his attention.

The man told Byers that locals had noticed large meltwater ponds forming at the toe of the Kanchenjunga Glacier, upstream from the villages of Ghunsa and Kambachen. He worried that the ponds could trigger a flood — a scenario that has played out in nearby areas more than once.

“He asked if we could go take a look at it,” Byers said. “We were on our way up to the Kanchenjunga base camp, so we made a detour. Sure enough, you could see these considerable lakes, perhaps a half-a-square-mile and growing.”

Byers sprung into action. First, he interviewed other community members about the ponds — they confirmed the observations and growing concern. Then, over the ensuing months, he assembled a team of experts to conduct a study of how the ponds were changing. The study was published in Water earlier this month.

The new paper outlines a number of potentially dangerous flood scenarios that could be triggered at the site in the future. In order to protect local communities, the researchers urge regional authorities to implement mitigation measures, including a monitoring program and an early warning system for flooding.

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Modeling disaster

Byers’ first call for collaboration was to Sonam Wangchuk, an expert in snow and ice research via satellite imagery at the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. Wangchuck, now onboard, gathered satellite images of the site. The images were striking. From 2022 to 2024, the ponds grew from puddles to large, interconnected bodies of water.

“It’s sort of an indicator of how these melting processes are accelerating,” Byers said.

Next, Byers and collaborators levied statistical methods to look to the future. They estimated that the meltwater ponds could form a large glacial lake. That lake, if it forms, will be vulnerable to outburst flooding, which could be triggered by melting processes, structural collapse or rockfall from surrounding slopes.

Finally, the researchers focused their efforts on modeling potential floods. They identified four scenarios, from small to large.

Under the mildest scenario, the flood surge would travel 75 miles down the Tamor River, flooding 16 existing buildings and 30 bridges along the way. Under the worst-case scenario the flood would travel at least 175 miles and impact 90 buildings and 44 bridges. According to the authors, the flooding would also likely impact livestock, crops and tourism infrastructure.

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Mitigating disaster

Byers warns that, without adequate preparation, glacial outburst flooding can be deadly. In 1941, a glacial lake in Peru collapsed and sent a surge of water into the downstream city of Huaraz killing thousands.

In light of events like this, some regional governments around the world have developed early warning systems for potential outburst floods. Others have also implemented novel mitigation measures. In Peru, government engineers drained water from a number of dangerous glacial lakes in efforts spanning decades.

Byers and his coauthors advise local and regional authorities in the Kanchenjunga region to take similar measures to prevent a flood originating from the study site. Their recommendations include establishing early warning systems for flooding, partnering with research organizations in Kathmandu to monitor the site and adapting zoning laws to prevent new buildings in flood zones.

According to Byers, one of the cheapest and most effective early warning systems is deceptively simple: cell phones.

“Not everyone can afford multi-million dollar early warning systems that rely on laser readings of water depth,” he said. “But, studies have shown that cell phones, at least during the daytime, are one of the better early warning systems out there.”

In the end, Byers hopes the study can help the same people that brought the issue to his attention.

“The goal was always to share the research with the local community,” he said. “Then they have all of the information they need to make the best decisions possible.”

If you have questions about this story, or would like to reach out to INSTAAR for further comment, you can contact Senior Communications Specialist Gabe Allen at gabriel.allen@colorado.edu.

Alton Byers and his coauthors identify dangerous glacial melt in the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area in a new paper. The researchers model potential flood scenarios and suggest mitigation measures.

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Imja Lake, a glacial lake in the Mount Everest region of Nepal, began as meltwater ponds in 1962 and now contains 90 million cubic meters of water. Its water level was lowered to protect downstream communities. Alton Byers

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Research

Spotlight: Hunter Geist-Sanchez is pioneering restoration methods for Colorado grasslands and reconnecting with his ranching roots

A love of nature

Restoring bare patches

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